Getting Started

There is no denying that modal verbs are particularly challenging for learners of English. This is because, when using them, you not only have to think about the form which they take depending on time, but you also need to consider which modal is correct, dependent on function. The function of modals covers obligation, permission, requests, offers, ability, advice, willingness, refusal, possibility, probability and necessity. They are a basically a minefield for learners, but it is essential that you are able to use them in your exam accurately and you will be tested on them in all of the papers, either directly or indirectly. For example, in the Writing paper, you may need to make use of them when writing a proposal, and the modal which a speaker uses in the Listening paper may signpost the correct answer.

The aim of this lesson is to help you get to grips with which modals are used for each function and the form which they should take. Therefore, the pages are divided by function and each includes all of the modals which can be used in these contexts. Semi-modals (ought to, had better, etc.) are also included in each section, as well as other ways to express the same idea.

To get you started, try the following activity by matching the sentences containing modals with their corresponding function.